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Module 9
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- Given that the definition of an odd number is , whereas an even number is , we can prove that the sum of two odd integers is even.
- Given some odd integer, , and another , the sum is which is of form .
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- Let be some rational number and be some irrational number.
- Suppose is rational, this means that there exists some such that , where is rational.
- You can isolate , . Since and are both rational, the difference of two rational numbers is also rational. This would imply that is rational, but that contradicts the original assumption.
- Since the assumption that is a contradiction, must be irrational.
- The sum of an irrational number and a rational number is irrational.
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- A rational number is defined as the ratio of two integers, such that , where and are integers, and .
- Let and be two rational numbers, , and .
- Multiplying and results in .
- Since the product of two integers is also an integer, follows the form of , where both and are integers.
- The product of two rational numbers is always rational.
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- A number is even if it follows the form , and odd if it follows the form .
- Given that the product of is even, it is of the form .
- Assuming both are odd, , and .
- which is odd.
- Since is odd if both and are odd, then at least one of or must be even for to be even.
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- The contrapositive is if is odd, then is even.
- Assuming is odd, , , which is odd.
- would therefore have to be even, since the sum of two odd numbers is even.
- By contraposition, must be even give that is odd.
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- Suppose is odd, and is also odd.
- Suppose is odd, , which is odd.
- would be even, but the original statement was that is odd, which is a contradiction.
- We can conclude that must be even given that is odd.
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Module 10
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- Left Side:
- Substitute:
- Factor out :
- Expand:
- Factor : which matches right-hand.
- Since we have proven is true and that if is true, then is true, induction guarantees that the formula holds for all positive integers .
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- Substitute:
- Factor out :
- Expand:
- Simplify: which matches right-hand.
- Since we proved is true, and that if is true, then is true, induction guarantees that the formula holds for all positive integers .
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- Base Case ():
- Inductive Hypothesis:
- Inductive Step:
- Substitute:
- Expand:
- Factor out :
- Expand:
- Factor:
- Since and , the sides match
- Since the formula holds for , and that if the formula holds for , then it also holds for , by induction, the formula is true for all positive integers .
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- Base Case ():
- Inductive Hypothesis:
- Inductive Step:
- Substitute:
- Factor out : , which matches the formula
- Since the formula holds for , and that if the formula holds for , then it also holds for , by induction, the formula is true for all positive integers .
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- Base Case ():
- Inductive Hypothesis:
- Inductive Step:
- Substitute:
- Factor out : , which matches the formula
- Since the formula holds for , and that if the formula holds for , then it also holds for , by induction, the formula is true for all positive integers .
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- Base Case ():
- Inductive Hypothesis:
- Inductive Step:
- Substitute:
- Factor out : , which matches the formula
- Since the formula holds for , and that if the formula holds for , then it also holds for , by induction, the formula is true for all positive integers .
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