Module 9

    • Given that the definition of an odd number is 2𝑘+1, whereas an even number is 2𝑘, we can prove that the sum of two odd integers is even.
    • Given some odd integer, 2𝑛+1, and another 2𝑚+1, the sum is 2𝑛+1+2𝑚+1=2𝑛+2𝑚+2=2(𝑛+𝑚+1) which is of form 2𝑘. □
    • Let 𝑟 be some rational number and ð‘Ĩ be some irrational number.
    • Suppose 𝑟+ð‘Ĩ is rational, this means that there exists some ð‘Ķ such that 𝑟+ð‘Ĩ=ð‘Ķ, where ð‘Ķ is rational.
    • You can isolate ð‘Ĩ, ð‘Ĩ=ð‘Ķ−𝑟. Since ð‘Ķ and 𝑟 are both rational, the difference of two rational numbers is also rational. This would imply that ð‘Ĩ is rational, but that contradicts the original assumption.
    • Since the assumption that 𝑟+ð‘Ĩ is a contradiction, 𝑟+ð‘Ĩ must be irrational.
    • âˆī The sum of an irrational number and a rational number is irrational. □
    • A rational number is defined as the ratio of two integers, such that 𝑟=𝑎𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers, and 𝑏≠0.
    • Let 𝑛 and 𝑚 be two rational numbers, 𝑛=𝑎1𝑏1, and 𝑚=𝑎2𝑏2.
    • Multiplying 𝑛 and 𝑚 results in 𝑛×𝑚=𝑎1×𝑎2𝑏1×𝑏2.
    • Since the product of two integers is also an integer, 𝑛×𝑚 follows the form of 𝑎𝑏, where both 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers.
    • âˆī The product of two rational numbers is always rational. □
    • A number is even if it follows the form 2𝑘, and odd if it follows the form 2𝑘+1.
    • Given that the product of 𝑚𝑛 is even, it is of the form 𝑚𝑛=2𝑘.
    • Assuming both are odd, 𝑚=2𝑎+1, and 𝑛=2𝑏+1.
    • 𝑚𝑛=(2𝑎+1)(2𝑏+1)=2𝑎×2𝑏+2𝑎+2𝑏+1=4𝑎𝑏+2𝑎+2𝑏+1 which is odd.
    • Since 𝑚𝑛 is odd if both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are odd, then at least one of 𝑚 or 𝑛 must be even for 𝑚𝑛 to be even. □
    • a.
      • The contrapositive is if 𝑛 is odd, then 𝑛3+5 is even.
      • Assuming 𝑛 is odd, 𝑛=2𝑘+1, 𝑛3=(2𝑘+1)3=8𝑘3+12𝑘2+6𝑘+1, which is odd.
      • 𝑛3+5 would therefore have to be even, since the sum of two odd numbers is even.
      • âˆī By contraposition, 𝑛 must be even give that 𝑛3+5 is odd.
    • b.
      • Suppose 𝑛3+5 is odd, and 𝑛 is also odd.
      • Suppose 𝑛 is odd, 𝑛=2𝑘+1,𝑛3=(2𝑘+1)3=8𝑘3+12𝑘2+6𝑘+1, which is odd.
      • 𝑛3+5 would be even, but the original statement was that 𝑛3+5 is odd, which is a contradiction.
      • âˆī We can conclude that 𝑛 must be even given that 𝑛3+5 is odd. □

Module 10

    • a.𝑃(1)=12=1(1+1)(2⋅1+1)6
    • b.1(1+1)(2⋅1+1)6=1(2)(3)6=66=1≡12=1
    • c.12+22+â€Ķ+𝑘2=𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)6
    • d.12+22+â€Ķ+𝑘2+(𝑘+1)2=(𝑘+1)((𝑘+1)+1)(2(𝑘+1)+1)6=(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)6